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An unexpected immigration wave of Jews from the former Soviet Union mostly in the 1990's has stabilized and enlarged Jewish life in Germany. Jewish kindergartens and schools were opened, and Jewish museums, theaters, and festivals are attracting a wide audience. No doubt: Jews will continue to live in Germany. At the same time, Jewish life has undergone an impressing transformation in the second half of the 20th century - from rejection to acceptance, but not without disillusionments and heated debates. And while the 'new Jews of Germany,' 90 percent of them of Eastern European background, are already considered an important factor of the contemporary Jewish diaspora, they still grapple with the shadow of the Holocaust, with internal cultural clashes and with difficulties in shaping a new collective identity. What does it mean to live a Jewish life in present-day Germany? How are Jewish thoughts, feelings, and practices reflected in contemporary arts, literature, and movies? What will remain of the former German Jewish cultural heritage? Who are the new Jewish elites, and how successful is the fight against anti-Semitism? This volume offers some answers.

Jews --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- History --- Social conditions --- Germany --- Ethnic relations

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Focusing on a set of Jewish communities, Robert Chazan tells how, by the eleventh century, French Jews had created for themselves a role as local merchants and moneylenders in adapting to the political, economic, and social limits imposed on them. French society, striving to become more powerful and civilized, was willing to extend aid and protection to the Jews in return for general stimulation of trade and urban life and for the immediate profit realized from taxation. While the authorities were relatively successful in protecting the Jews from others, there was no power to impose itself between the Jews and their protectors. The political and social well-being of the Jews was, therefore, dependent on the will of the governing authorities who taxed their holdings and regulated their activities. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the position of the Jews was constantly under attack by reform elements in the church concerned with Jewish moneylending and blasphemous materials in Jewish books; these reformers were eventually devoted to a serious missionizing effort within the Jewish community. The Jews' situation was further complicated by deep popular animosity, expressing itself in a damaging set of slanders and occasionally in physical violence. Despite the impressive achievements of the Jews in medieval northern France, by the thirteenth century their community was increasingly constricted; and in 1306, they were expelled from royal France by Philip IV. Overcoming the handicap of a lack of copious source material, Chazan analyzes the Jews' political status, their relations with key elements of Christian society, their demographic development, their economic outlets, their internal organization, and their attitudes toward the Christian environment. As it highlights aspects of French society from an unusual perspective, Medieval Jewry in Northern France should be of special interest to the historian of medieval France as well as to the student of Jewish history. This story is also significant for all who are fascinated by the capacity of human groups to respond and adapt creatively to a hostile and limiting environment.

Jews --- History. --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- European history

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Open Access journal publishing on all areas of Jewish studies from antiquity to modern times.

Jews --- Judaism --- Judaism. --- Jews. --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewish question --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Religions --- Religion

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Die Singularität der Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das Deutsche Reich wirft die Frage auf, inwieweit und ab welchem Punkt sich die deutsche Entwicklung von der anderer Staaten in Europa abkoppelte. Michael Mayer vergleicht deshalb erstmals systematisch die "Judenpolitik" des Deutschen Reichs mit der des zweitwichtigsten modernen Industriestaates auf dem Kontinent: Frankreich. Die Vichy-Regierung schwankte in ihrer Politik zwischen der Verwirklichung einer autochthonen Politik und der Anpassung an deutsche Forderungen. Mit Hilfe eines Vergleichs kann der Autor wichtige neue Antworten zur Struktur des NS-Staates und Vichy-Frankreichs sowie zu deren Politik gegenüber den Juden finden.

Jews --- Government policy --- History --- Germany --- Politics and government --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Third Reich, 1933-1945

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Bevor der NS-Staat die Juden ermordete, raubte er sie aus. Protagonist in diesem Vorstadium der Vernichtung war der Fiskus: Er diskriminierte die Opfer durch Steuern und Sonderabgaben, beschlagnahmte und verwertete ihr Vermögen. Dass auch die Finanzbeamten die antisemitische NS-Politik unterstützten, hat die Forschung lange Zeit übersehen. Die vorliegende Studie schließt diese Lücke. Auf der Basis zahlreicher, zum Teil erst seit kurzem erschlossener Quellen rückt sie den Fiskus als Täter der Judenverfolgung in Bayern in den Mittelpunkt und untersucht die verheerenden Folgen für die Opfer. Die Ergebnisse sind eindeutig: Die finanziellen Interessen des Staates und der radauantisemitische Radikalismus gingen Hand in Hand und verstärkten den Verfolgungsdruck auf die jüdische Bevölkerung immens. Ausgeübt wurde er von einer unseligen Allianz zwischen der klassischen Bürokratie und dem Verfolgungsapparat von Partei und Gestapo. So wandelt sich das Bild der traditionellen Finanzbehörde vom neutralen Befehlsempfänger zu einem zentralen Akteur der Judenverfolgung und zu einer tragenden Stütze des NS-Regimes.

Jews --- Finance --- Taxation --- History. --- Persecutions --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism